Whakataki o te Taputapu Whakawhiti

Ko te taputapu whakawhiti he huinga katoa o ngā taputapu tohatoha hiko i huihuia mai i ngā taputapu tuatahi me ngā taputapu tuarua e ai ki tētahi mahere, e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere me te tiaki i ngā ara iahiko me ngā taputapu. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā taputapu whakawhiti ki ngā taputapu whakawhiti ngaohiko teitei (momo pumau me te momo kāreti ringaringa) me ngā taputapu whakawhiti ngaohiko iti (momo pumau me te momo tākai) e ai ki ngā taumata ngaohiko o ngā raina e haere mai ana me ngā raina e haere atu ana.
He rite tonu te hanganga o te taputapu whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko-tiketike, ko te nuinga o te wā ka wehea ki te rūma pae pahi, te rūma pakaru hiko, te rūma whakahaere tuarua (rūma taputapu), me te rūma whāngai. Ko te tikanga he wehewehe pereti maitai i waenganui i ia rūma. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakarōpūhia ngā taputapu whakawhiti ngaohiko-iti i runga i te tikanga tāutanga o ngā wāhanga.

Taputapu whakawhiti ngaohiko-tiketike KYN28A-12 kua whakairihia ki waenganui

Kāpata pana pūmau ngaohiko iti GGD

Kāpata pana hiko iti MNS

KYN61-40.5 Taputapu Whakawhiti Whakarewa Ka Taea te Tango

Kāpata pana hiko iti GCK

Ko ngā wāhanga o roto ko: te pae hiko, te whati hiko, te whakawhiti hiko tikanga, te taputapu tiaki whakawhiti hiko whakauru, te taputapu ine, te maripi wehewehe, te rama tohu, te maripi whenua, me ētahi atu.

1. Ka kiia hoki te kāpata raina taumai ko te kāpata whiwhi hiko. He taputapu e whakamahia ana hei whiwhi hiko mai i te whatunga hiko (mai i te raina taumai ki te pae pahi). He mea whakarite ki ngā kaiwawao ara iahiko, ngā CT, ngā PT, ngā maripi wehewehe me ētahi atu wāhanga.

2. Ka kiia hoki ngā kāpata whakaputa hiko ko ngā kāpata whāngai hiko, ko ngā kāpata tohatoha hiko rānei. He taputapu ēnei e whakamahia ana hei tohatoha i te hiko (mai i te pahi ki ia raina whakaputa hiko), ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ki ngā kaiwawao hiko, ngā CT, ngā PT, ngā maripi wehewehe me ētahi atu wāhanga.

3. Hononga pahi
E kiia ana hoki ko te kāpata pakaru pahi. He taputapu e whakamahia ana hei hono i ngā wāhanga pahi e rua (mai i te pahi ki te pahi). He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te hononga pahi i roto i ngā pūnaha wāhanga pahi kotahi me ngā pūnaha pahi takirua hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga, i ngā taurangi rānei a ngā kaiwhakamahi mō te whiriwhiri i ngā momo whakahaere rerekē. Te tango kawenga whiriwhiri mēnā ka rahua.

4. Ko te kāpata whakawhiti hiko PT ka tāutahia tika ki runga i te pae pahi hei kite i te hiko o te pae pahi me te whakatutuki i te mahi tiaki. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia te PT whakawhiti hiko, te maripi wehewehe, te fiusi me te aukati me ētahi atu ki roto.

5. Ka whakamahia te kāpata wehe hei wehe i ngā pae pahi i ngā pito e rua, hei wehe rānei i ngā taputapu whiwhi hiko mai i ngā taputapu tuku hiko. Ka taea e ia te whakarato i tētahi pito mutunga e kitea ana e te kaiwhakahaere hei whakahaere i ngā mahi tiaki me te whakatika. Nā te mea kāore e taea e te kāpata wehe te wawahi me te whakawhiti i te iahiko kawenga, kāore e taea te pana, te kume rānei i te kāreti ringaringa o te kāpata wehe ina kati te kaiwawao hiko e ōrite ana ki a ia. I roto i ngā tono whānui, me whakatakoto te hononga i waenga i te hononga āwhina o te kaiwawao hiko me te kāreti ringaringa wehe hei ārai i te mahi hē a te kaiwhakahaere.

6. Ka kiia hoki te kāpata pūngao ko te kāpata utu, e whakamahia ana hei whakapai ake i te tauwehenga mana o te whatunga hiko, hei utu rānei i te mana tauhohe. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko ngā rōpū pēke pūngao, ngā koropiko whakahaere whakawhiti me ngā fiusi e honoa ana i te taha whakarara. Tiakina ngā taputapu hiko. I te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia i te taha whakarara ki te kāpata e haere mai ana, ka taea te whakahaere i te taha whakarara i tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā kāpata pūngao. I muri i te momotu o te kāpata pūngao mai i te whatunga hiko, nā te mea he roa te wā e whakaoti ai te pēke pūngao i te tukanga tukunga, kāore e taea te pā tika ki ngā wāhanga o te kāpata, inā koa te pēke pūngao; i roto i tētahi wā i muri i te whakawetonga o te hiko (e ai ki te pēke pūngao, kei te kaha, pērā i te: 1 meneti), kāore e whakaaetia te kati anō kia kore ai e kino te pūngao i te ngaohiko nui. I te wā e mahi ana i ngā mahi whakahaere aunoa, kia aro ki te tohatoha tika o ngā wā whakawhiti o ia rōpū pēke pūngao kia kore ai e kino tetahi rōpū pūngao i te mea he onge te tahuri me te whakaweto o ētahi atu rōpū.

7. Kāpata ine

E whakamahia ana mō te ine i te pūngao hiko (kWh), ā, ka wehea ki te ngaohiko teitei me te ngaohiko iti, e tāutahia ana me te pana wehe, te fiusi, te CT, te PT, te mita watt-haora hohe (mita tuku iho, mita matihiko rānei), ngā mita watt-haora tauhohe, ngā whakawhiti, me ētahi atu taputapu tuarua āwhina (pēnei i ngā aroturuki kawenga, me ētahi atu).
8. Ka kiia hoki te kāpata GIS he kāpata hiko whakakotahi kua katihia, he huinga kati o ngā kaiwawao hiko, ngā pana wehe, ngā pana whenua, CT, PT, ngā ārai, ngā pae pahi, me ētahi atu i roto i te anga whakarewa, kātahi ka hangaia he hau he pai te whakamarumaru me te mahi tinei pewa (ko te whanariki hexafluoride SF6 te tikanga e whakamahia ana) hei ine whakamarumaru i waenga i ngā wāhanga me te whenua, he pai mō ngā whatunga hiko ngaohiko teitei me te kaha teitei, e whakamahia ana mō te tohatoha me te whakahaere hiko.
9. Ina mahi noa te kaiwawao hiko, kei roto te kaiwawao hiko i te āhua kati (haunga ngā tono motuhake), ā, kua honoa te hiko. Ina whakahaerehia ngā mahi whakahaere aunoa, tiaki rānei, ka taea te whakahaere i te kaiwawao hiko i raro i te mana o te taputapu tiaki whānui hei wawahi, hei hono rānei i te hiko. Kāore e taea e te kaiwawao hiko te whakakā me te whakaweto i te iahiko kawenga noa, engari ka taea hoki te tu atu i te iahiko poto mō tētahi wā (he maha, he tekau rānei ngā wā o te iahiko mahi noa), te wawahi i te iahiko poto, me te tapahi i ngā hiko me ngā taputapu hapa. Nō reira, ko te mahi matua o te kaiwawao hiko ko te wawahi me te hanga i te hiko (tae atu ki te wawahi me te hanga i te iahiko noa, te wawahi i te iahiko poto). Nā te mea i roto i te tukanga wawahi me te kati i te hiko, ka puta he āwhata i waenganui i te hononga neke me te hononga tūmau o te kaiwawao hiko. Hei tiaki i ngā hononga, hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o ngā rauemi hononga, hei wawahi pono hoki i te hiko, me mahi ngā mahi hei tinei i te āwhata i te wā e taea ai. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te whakamahi i ngā momo pāpāho tinei āwhata rerekē hei whakakī i ngā hononga hihiri me te tūmau o te kaiwawao hiko. E ai ki ngā momo rauemi tinei hiko, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kaiwawao hiko kia rua: ngā kaiwawao hiko hinu (he nui ake te hinu, he iti ake te hinu), ngā kaiwawao hiko whanariki hexafluoride (SF6), ngā kaiwawao hiko korehau, ngā kaiwawao hiko hau, me ētahi atu. Ko te taputapu matua o ngā taputapu whakawhiti hiko teitei me te iti e tūtaki pinepine ana tātou i roto i te kaupapa ko te kaiwawao hiko. Nā te mea ko ngā hononga neke me ngā hononga tūmau o te kaiwawao hiko ka takaihia ki roto i tētahi ipu kua whakakiia ki te rauemi tinei hiko, kāore e taea te aromatawai tika i te tūnga whakatuwheratanga me te kati o te kaiwawao hiko, engari mā roto i ngā taputapu āwhina o te kaiwawao hiko (pērā i ngā tohu tūranga whakatuwheratanga me te kati). Me ētahi atu) hei aromatawai.

10. Maripi wehewehe

Ka taea e te maripi wehewehe (te pana wehewehe rānei) te tautuhi i te hononga, te momotu rānei nā te mea kua kitea te pakaru. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei wehe i te pūtake hiko ngaohiko teitei kia pai ai te tiaki i ngā raina me ngā taputapu. He iti rawa te iahiko ka taea te momotu (he torutoru noa ngā amperes). Nā te mea kāore he taputapu tinei pewa motuhake, kāore e taea te whakamahi hei wawahi i te iahiko hapa me te iahiko mahi noa, ā, kāore e whakaaetia kia mahi i te mahi pakaru me te kawenga.

11. Pūhiko

He taputapu hiko tiaki ara iahiko ngāwari te fiusi. Ko tōna kaupapa matua, ina tae te iahiko e rere ana i roto i te fiusi ki tētahi uara motuhake mō tētahi wā, ka rewa tōna ake rewa, ka tapahia te ara iahiko. He māmā tōna kaupapa mahi, he ngāwari ki te tāuta, kāore e whakamahia ko ia anake, engari he mea whakamahi tahi me ētahi atu taputapu hiko. Ngā āhuatanga matua o te mahi: Tuatahi, me tae te iahiko ki tētahi uara motuhake, kua hangaia i mua i te wehenga atu o te fiusi i te wheketere, ā, kāore e taea te whakarerekē; tuarua, me pahemo tētahi wā i muri i te taenga atu o te iahiko ki tētahi uara motuhake, he mea hanga anō hoki e te kaihanga, ā, kāore e taea te whakarerekē. Engari he maha ngā momo, tae atu ki te mahi whakaroa, te mahi tere, te mahi tino tere, me ētahi atu; ko te tuatoru, kua pakaru te tinana i muri i te mahi, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi anō, me whakakapi; mēnā kua pupuhi te fiusi, ka taea te whakatau mā te tohu fiusi, te āhua rānei o te rewa; ko ngā fiusi me ngā ngongo inihua e whakamahia whānuitia ana kei roto i tēnei kāwai o ngā taputapu hiko.

12. Pana uta
He taputapu tinei hiko āwhata ngāwari noa iho tō te pana uta. Ko te tikanga, ko te hau te mea e whakamahia ana hei hono me te wawahi i ētahi iahiko me ngā iahiko nui, engari kāore e taea te wawahi i ngā iahiko poto, ā, kāore hoki e taea te whakamahi hei tapahi i ngā hapa o te iahiko poto. Nō reira, kāore rawa e whakaaetia kia whakamahia noa he pana uta hei whakakapi i te kaiwawao hiko; ki te whakamahia he pana uta, me whakamahi tahi me te fiusi ngaohiko teitei kua whakahuatia ake nei (inaa, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te fiusi me te pana uta hei tiaki i te taumaha nui, hei whakaiti i te utu o te kaupapa). He rite te pana uta ki te maripi wehe, ā, he āputa momotu mārama, ā, ka taea te whakatau ngāwari mēnā kei te āhua whakakā, whakaweto rānei te hiko.

13. Whakawhitiwhiti

He whakarāpopototanga noa iho, he taputapu te whakawhiti hiko e whakamahi ana i ngā mara hikohiko tauutuutu hei whakatutuki i te tahuritanga o ngā taumata ngaohiko rerekē (arā, te tahuritanga o te pūngao hiko), ā, kāore te ngaohiko i mua me muri i te tahuritanga e rerekē te auau. E ai ki tōna whakamahinga, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā momo maha, pērā i ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā whakawhiti whakatikatika, ngā kaiwhakahaere ngaohiko, ngā whakawhiti wehewehe, me te CT, PT, me ētahi atu. Ko te mea e tūtaki pinepine ana tātou ki te papa mahi ko te whakawhiti hiko.
Ko ētahi o ngā tawhā hangarau matua e pā ana ki te whakawhiti hiko ko: ①Te kaha whakatauranga: e pā ana ki te kaha putanga whakatauranga o te whakawhiti hiko i raro i ngā tikanga mahi whakatauranga (he rite ki te U×I, i roto i te KVA); ②Te ngaohiko whakatauranga: kore-kawenga, pato whakatauranga, ngaohiko pito ③Te ngaronga kore-kawenga: I raro i te tikanga kore-kawenga, ko te ngaronga o te whakawhiti hiko (e kiia ana ko te ngaronga rino); ④Te au kore-kawenga: I raro i te tikanga kore-kawenga, ko te au e rere ana i roto i te koiri taha tuatahi Uara; ⑤Te ngaronga ara iahiko-poto: ko te ngaronga i puta mai i te au whakatauranga i te taha tuatahi me te ara iahiko-poto tuarua (ko te nuinga i puta mai i te ātete koiri); ⑥Te ariā o te pato (pato): Hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whakahaere whatunga hiko, kei te taha ngaohiko-tiketike o te whakawhiti hiko whānui he pato, ā, ko ngā uara ngaohiko o ēnei pato ka whakaatuhia hei ōrau o te ngaohiko whakatauranga, ko te mea e kiia nei ko te ngaohiko pato. Hei tauira, he ±5% te pā o te whakawhiti hiko 10KV teitei-ngaohiko, ko te tikanga ka taea e te whakawhiti hiko te mahi i ngā taumata ngaohiko e toru: 10.5KV (+5%), 10KV (whakatauranga), 9.5KV (-5%). I te nuinga o te wā, he nui ake te maha o ngā pā (ngā pūwāhi pā) o te whakawhiti hiko utaina-whakaeke, pērā i te 7 pā (±3×2.5%) me te 9 pā (±4×2%). Nā te mea kāore e taea te tino whakamana i te whakawhiti tukutahi o te whakawhiti pā, kāore e taea te whakahaere i ngā whakawhiti hiko utaina-whakaeke i te nuinga o te wā. ⑦ Kawenga hohe: ko te kawenga e whakaputa ana i te pūngao mīhini, i te pūngao wera rānei i roto i te pūnaha hiko. Engari ko te kawenga ātete noa i roto i te kawenga e pau ana te mana hohe, pērā i te whakamahana hiko, te oumu hiko, te rama me ētahi atu kawenga hiko he kawenga hohe katoa. Ko te kawenga o ngā motuka kore-tukutahi me ngā motuka tukutahi e pau ana te mana hohe me te mana tauhohe. I roto i ēnei, ko te wāhanga e whakaputa ana i te pūngao mīhini mā te mahi he kawenga hohe. Me tuku te kawenga hohe e te mana hohe o te whakaputa hiko. ⑧Kawenga hiko tauhohe: te wāhanga o te kawenga hiko kāore e mahi. Ka pau te kaha tauhohe i roto i ngā kawenga hiko whakauru anake. Pērā i: ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā motuka, ngā hauhautanga, ngā pouaka whakamātao, me ētahi atu. Nō reira, ahakoa e whakaputa ana te whakaputa hiko hohe, me whakarato hoki i te kaha tauhohe. Ina kore e taea e te kaha tauhohe te tutuki i te whatunga hiko, ka heke te ngaohiko o te pūnaha. Hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi, me tāuta he kaiwhakakapi mana tauhohe ki roto i te teihana hiko hei pupuri i te taurite o te mana tauhohe kia mau tonu ai te taumata ngaohiko. ⑨ Rāhui aituā: tētahi o ngā wāhanga o te kaha rāhui i roto i te pūnaha hiko. I te mea ka pāngia pea ngā taputapu whakaputa hiko e ngā hapa rangitahi, tuturu rānei e pā ana ki te tuku hiko, me whakauru te pūnaha ki tētahi maha o ngā pūtake hiko tārua aituā hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā whakaurunga hiko. ⑩Te wetewete pūnaha: Hei ārai i te ngaronga o te hiko o te pūnaha me te whānui o te aituā, ka oti katoa. Ka wehea te pūnaha hiko ki ētahi pūnaha motuhake kāore e mahi tahi ana. Tērā pea ka pāngia ētahi pūnaha ā-rohe e te korenga o te hiko i muri i te tango i te uta, ā, ka heke te auau me te ngaohiko, nō reira me tango tetahi wāhanga o te uta kia kore ai e pakaru te pumau o te pūnaha katoa.