He Tātari Poto mō ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Haumaru o ngā Raina Tuku

Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te haumaru o ngā raina tuku hiko e wehea ana kia rua ngā wāhanga, arā, ko te kakahu me te koroheketanga i puta mai i te kohikohinga o te wā o ia rā me te pakaru ohorere i puta mai i ngā āhuatanga o waho. Ka taea e ēnei momo āhuatanga e rua te whakararu i te hapa, te whakakore i te mahi a te pūhiko hiko, ā, ka taea te whakararu i te whatunga hiko i ngā wā kino. I roto i ēnei, ka taea te whakahaere horihori i te āhuatanga kohikohinga wā, ka iti rawa te tūponotanga o te pakaru, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga o te rangi o waho (tae atu ki ngā whiunga uira, ngā awhiowhio, ngā ngahere ahi, te kino o te hukapapa, te parahanga, te pāmahana me te haumākū, te pēhanga hau, te kino o te manu, me ētahi atu) he nui te kaha kore e taea te whakahaere, ka nui te tūponotanga o te pakaru me te kino nui.

1. Ngā whiunga uira

He mea noa te uira i te wā ua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta he uira. He maha ngā raina tuku hiko e whakatūria ana i te parae, ā, he rerekētanga tawhiti me te teitei o te pourewa, ā, he iti iho te ātete o te raina ki te uira, ā, he ngāwari hoki te pāngia e te uira. I ngā whenua uaua, he maha ngā raina hiko kotahi-ara, ā, kāore he parepare me te ārai whakawhiti e whakaratohia ana e ngā raina whakarara, ā, ka nui ake te maha o ngā aituā uira. Ko te hinganga uira te wāhanga nui rawa o ngā hapa o te raina tuku hiko, ā, ki te iti ake te taumata ngaohiko, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te pakaru o te uira.

Ina tukuna te uira, ka kohia te utu o te paparanga cumulonimbus, ka hanga he papa hiko hiko-teitei kaha, ka tukituki, ka whakakore i te maha o ngā utu kino e haria ana e te whenua, ka tukuna he kaha nui, he hiko tae atu ki te miriona volts, he iahiko tae atu ki te mano amps, ka hua ake he pikinga ngaru me te kaha o te ngaru nui, ka puta te takahuri o te mura whakamātao raina. He rahunga rangitahi te takahuri o te mura whakamātao, he teitei te reiti angitu o te mahi kati anō, ā, ka taea te whakahoki mai i te ara kawe hiko, engari i roto i ngā take nui, ka arahi ki te pakaru o te raina, te pakaru o te whakamarumaru, te uru atu rānei ki roto i te teihana hiko i te taha o te raina, ā, ka whakakotahi te waea i te pāmahana teitei, ka whakawehi ki te whakangaro i te kaha whakamarumaru o ngā taputapu hiko.

Hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā aituā uira i roto i ngā raina tuku hiko, me ārai i te mura o te uira, te hanganga o te pewa, te pānga tika me te motuhanga o te hiko i roto i te raina parepare. Whakamahia ēnei tikanga tiaki: ① whakatūārai uira; ② Tāpirihia he waea whenua hononga; ③ Whakaitihia te ātete whenua pānga o te pourewa; ④ kāore te pūwāhi kūpapa i te pūnaha whenua tika; ⑤ Whakapakari i te taumata whakamarumaru o te raina; ⑥ Tāutahia te kati aunoa; 7 Tāutatanga o te ngongopūmau⑧ Whakamahia te whakamarumaru kore taurite, te tuku hiko whatunga porowhita rua me ētahi atu tikanga.

2. Āwhiowhio

I te haere tahi mai o ngā awhiowhio me te hau kaha me te ua, ka puta he aituā i ngā raina tuku hiko, he peka hau, he whati te raina, he hinga te pourewa me ētahi atu aituā. I te pikinga ake o te tere o te hau hoahoa o te pūnaha hiko i runga i te raina tuku hiko, ka iti ake te tūponotanga o te aituā o te whati te raina me te hinga o te pourewa, engari he nui te tūponotanga o te aituā i puta mai i te wiri kaha o te waea, te tukunga hau me te pakaru o ngā mea e mānu ana.

He nui te tere o te hau, he nui te kaha o te raina tuku, ka whakaitihia te āputa hau i waenga i te waea me te pourewa, he koretake te tohatoha āputa hau i waenga i te waea me te wāhanga, kia heke ai te kaha o te ngaohiko i roto i te āputa ki ngā nekehanga rerekē, kāore e taea te tu atu i te uara ngaohiko o te mahi, te pakaru me te tukunga.

Ki te puta he tupuhi i taua wā anō, ka whakaitihia te ātete hau e te ua, ka ngāwari te waea ki te porowhita poto, ā, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te tukunga. Ka puta tēnei tukanga i te auau teitei, te roa o te wā e whakahokia ana, te matapōkere, te kaha nui, ka puta te mura, te pakaru, te hinga me ētahi atu hapa, ā, ka iti te tere o te hinga o te raina i muri i te tūponotanga, ka ngoikore te mahi a te tangata, ka roa te wā e ora ai te hiko. Hei tāpiri, ka puta hoki ngā pakaru miihini o ngā aho ārai, ngā hononga, ngā ringa whakawhiti me ētahi atu tautoko, ngā rauemi āwhina me ngā taputapu, ka hua ake he mate ōhanga nui.

Mō ngā raina wiri me te tere hau iti, ka taea te whakahaere i te nuinga o ngā raina mā te tāuta i ngā taputapu ārai-wiri. Mēnā ka tūtaki koe ki te tere hau kaha, ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei mahi: (1) Tāpirihia he hama ārai-wiri me te tāuta i tētahi taputapu hama taumaha hei whakanui ake i te kaha kawe kawenga poutū o te raina tuku me te whakaiti i te kaha o te piu o te raina; ② Tāutahia he waea whakamakuku, he tiaki waea, whakanuia te maha o ngā waea wehewehe, whakapakari i te waea, me te whakarite i te tawhiti haumaru i waenga i te waea me te pourewa; (3) Ka whakamahia te aratau whakatārewatanga o te aho ārai momo-V hei whakanui ake i te ātete o te ārai ki te āhuatanga o te nekehanga whakawhiti i roto i te hau me te whakaiti i te koki piu o te aho ārai; (4) I te hoahoa i te pourewa me te whakatū i te raina tuku, whakaarohia te waiho i tētahi tawhiti nui i waenga i ngā waea, te neke i te pūwāhi iri ki raro, te whakaroa me te whakawhānui rānei i te ringa whakawhiti.

3. Ngā ahi maunga

Ko ngā ahi mura i puta mai i te pāmahana teitei, ngā āhuatanga tangata me ētahi atu āhuatanga ka noho tonu te hau i roto i te āhua pāmahana teitei me te haumākū iti mō te wā roa, ā, ko ngā raina tuku kei roto i ngā whenua maunga, puta noa i ngā otaota ngahere me te whenua, i waenganui rānei i ngā raina āhua, nā te pikinga ake o te ionization wera o ngā matūriki hau, te pikinga ake o te utu kua utua, te tere o te nekehanga o ngā matūriki, me te hanganga o ngā awa kawe hiko, ka puta te hinganga o te raina mura. Ko te 90%uFF0C te take matua mō te hinganga o te ahi, engari kei roto hoki ko te ngaronga wera pāmahana teitei o te whakamarumaru raina, me te tukunga waea ki te pourewa.

Mō ngā raina tuku hiko i te rohe maunga, me te whakaaro ki te āhua o te whenua me ngā āhuatanga ōhanga, e rua, neke atu rānei ngā raina e whakatūria ana me te pourewa. Mēnā he ahi maunga, he ngāwari te pakaru me te hinga o ngā raina maha i te ara tuku hiko kotahi i te wā kotahi, ā, nā te mea he ngāwari te toronga nui me te roa o te ahi maunga, ka nui te paoa me te kohu e puta mai ana, ā, he iti te tere o te kati anō o te raina. Kia iti rā anō te ahi, kia marara te paoa, kia iti te taiao hau me te pāmahana o te waea, he uaua ki te tango i te ara whakaora horihori, kia roa ai te motu o te hiko o te raina, ā, i te wā kotahi, he maha atu i te kotahi ngā raina e pāngia ana, e whakararu ana i te haumaru o te mahi o te whatunga hiko.

I runga i te āhua o te ahi maunga, me tīmata tātou i ngā mahi ārai ahi hei whakaiti i te auau o te ahi maunga: ① te whakahaere i te teitei, te maha me te momo rākau e tata ana ki te pūtake; (2) Te whakatū i ngā mahi urupare ohorere, me te waiho i te roa me te whānui o te ara haumaru; ③ He pono, he tairongo hoki te pūnaha tiaki raina; ④ Te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha aroturuki wā-tūturu, me te whakapai ake i te pānga aroturuki; ⑤ I runga i te wā, te wāhanga wā me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, te whakanui ake i te tirotiro raina hei whakakore i ngā tūponotanga huna.

4. Te aituā hukapapa

Ko ngā āhuatanga kino o te hukapapa ko te ua tio, te hukapapa, te hukapapa me te hukarere e kohia ana. Ko te āhuarangi taiao rerekē, ko te wera me te makariri o ngā taupatupatu, ka kapi te aho tuku me te aho ārai i te hukapapa, ka piki ake te taumaha o te aho, ka piki ake te horahanga o te waea, ka heke, ka hua ake te wiri tonu o te waea, te kanikani, te whati nui, te pourewa me ētahi atu aituā. Mēnā ka tio te hukarere, ka poto te ara iahiko o te ārai i te wai hukapapa e rewa ana, ka pakaru te hukapapa.

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, he nui ake te tūponotanga o te hukapapa ina whakakotahihia te parahanga hukapapa. Nō reira, hei ārai i te hukapapa, me whakanui ake te horoi parahanga o ngā aho me ngā aho ārai hei whakapai ake i te ma; Whakanuia te tawhiti ngoki hei ārai i te hukapapa mai i te hukapapa nā te iti o te tawhiti i waenga i ngā ārai me ngā maru; Ka whakamahia te whakatakotoranga o te aho ārai momo-V me te aho ārai V hurihuri, ā, me whakanui ake te mokowā raupapa o te aho takirua hei whakapai ake i te ngaohiko mura. Mō te kanikani hukapapa, me whakamahi te hangarau rewa hukapapa hei whakatere i te tere rewa o te taupoki hukapapa, me whakamahi rānei i te mokowā ā-wāhanga whakarei ake hei whakanui ake i te tawhiti ā-wāhanga o te waea me te whakaiti i te āhuatanga pakaru me te tukunga i puta mai i te tawhiti ā-wāhanga iti o te waea nā te nui o te piu me te kaha o te waea.

5. Ētahi atu

1) Te nui o te parahanga. He roa te horapa o te raina tuku hiko, ā, ka pāngia e ngā parahanga o te hau, te tote, te paoa, te puehu, me ētahi atu, ka hua ake te kohikohinga o te parahanga ki te mata o te waea. Nā te nui o te papa hiko e karapoti ana i te raina tuku hiko ngaohiko teitei, ka ngāwari te puta o te āhuatanga korona, ka hua ake he maha o ngā matūriki utu, ka piri ki te parahanga, ka piki ake te kawe hiko o ngā matūriki utu, ā, ka ngāwari te tuku. Nō reira, me horoi te raina tuku hiko i te wā tika.

2) Te Pāmahana. Ka whakanuia e te pāmahana teitei te pāmahana o te mata o te waea, ka uaua te memeha o te wera i runga i te raina tuku hiko-tiketike taketake, ka ngoikore te memeha o te wera, ka hua ake he pāmahana teitei tonu o te raina, ka hua ake te pikinga o te pewa o te waea, ka whakaitihia te tawhiti haumaru i waenga i te waea me te whenua me te mea whakawhiti-whiti, ka hua ake te tukunga, ka hua ake te hinga o te raina. Nō reira, ka taea te whakanui ake i te tawhiti i waenga i te waea me te whenua me te āhua o te waea.

3) Te haumākū. Mā te pikinga ake o ngā ngota wai e piri ana ki te mata o te raina, ka mimiti te utu huri noa i te waea i ngā irahiko hei hanga i ngā katote kino, ka ngoikore te kaha whakakoi, ka whakanui ake i te ngaohiko pakaru, ka whakarei ake i te papa hiko ā-rohe, ā, ka ngāwari te whakaputa i te korona, ka hua ake te ngaronga hiko me te hekenga ngaohiko. Nō reira, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rauemi whakamahana waea, me aro ki te āhua waikore me te nekeneke waikore o ngā rauemi.

4) Te pēhanga hau. I te pikinga ake o te teitei, ka angiangi haere te hau, ka heke te mātotoru, ka heke te pēhanga hau, ā, ka heke te ngaohiko pakaru i waenga i te waea tuku me te whenua, te wāhanga o te ara iahiko me te wāhanga, ā, ka ngāwari te pakaru. Nō reira, i ngā wāhi teitei o te whenua, me whakaiti te teitei o te taura.

5) Te kino o te manu. He pai ki ngā manu te pupuri i ngā manga mate ki roto i ō rātou waha hei hanga kōhanga ki runga i te pourewa. Mēnā ka whakatakotoria ngā manga ki te taha tata, ka taka rānei ki roto i te raina hiko, ka ngāwari te poto o te hiko. Ina rere ngā manu nunui, ina takaro rānei tetahi ki tetahi, ka ngāwari te pā atu ki ngā waea maha, ka hua ake he aituā poto te hiko, he aituā rānei ka hinga te whenua. Nō reira, ka taea te hanga tohu motuhake ki runga i te raina, ki te pourewa rānei hei whakawehi i ngā manu, hei matara atu hoki i te raina tuku hiko.

Ka pakaru te hiko o te raina tuku i te āhuarangi kino me ētahi atu āhuatanga kino, ka pakaru rānei ngā whare tuku, ka mutu te hiko, ka ngaro te whakawhiti raina, ka pā ki ngā āhuatanga whakahaere o te raina, te kaha tuku me te kaha tuku, ka motu te hiko, ka arahi nui ki te momotu o te whatunga, ka nui te mate ōhanga. Mai i te tirohanga haumaru, ka tātarihia e tēnei pepa ngā mōrearea haumaru me ngā take o ngā raina tuku i puta mai i ngā whiunga uira, ngā awhiowhio, ngā ahi maunga, ngā aituā hukapapa, te nui o te parahanga, te pāmahana, te haumākū, te pēhanga hau me te kino o ngā manu, tae atu ki ngā mahi ārai me te whakahaere i raro i ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā raina tuku, me te tirohanga ki te whakapakari i te rangahau tikanga, te hoahoa whaitake me te ārai me te whakahaere pūtaiao me te whai hua e ngā pūnaha hiko, ngā tari me ngā tohunga hangarau e tika ana. Hei whakarite kia haumaru, kia pono hoki te mahi a te raina tuku.

Mena he pātai āu, ka taea e koe te whakapā mai ki a mātou mā ēnei huarahi e whai ake nei:

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